Dionyssos Kounadis-Bastian; Oliver Schrüfer; Anna Derington; Hagen Wierstorf; Florian Eyben; Felix Burkhardt; Björn Schuller

Abstract

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) needs high computational resources to overcome the challenge of substantial annotator disagreement. Today SER is shifting towards dimensional annotations of arousal, dominance, and valence (A/D/V). Universal metrics as the L2 distance prove unsuitable for evaluating A/D/V accuracy due to non converging consensus of annotator opinions. However, Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) arose as an alternative metric for A/D/V where a model's output is evaluated to match a whole dataset's CCC rather than L2 distances of individual audios. Recent studies have shown that wav2vec2 / wavLM architectures outputing a float value for each A/D/V dimension achieve today's State-of-the-art (Sota) CCC on A/D/V. The Wav2Vec2.0 / WavLM family has a high computational footprint, but training small models using human annotations has been unsuccessful. In this paper we use a large Transformer Sota A/D/V model as Teacher/Annotator to train 5 student models: 4 MobileNets and our proposed Wav2Small, using only the Teacher's A/D/V outputs instead of human annotations. The Teacher model we propose also sets a new Sota on the MSP Podcast dataset of valence CCC=0.676. We choose MobileNetV4 / MobileNet-V3 as students, as MobileNet has been designed for fast execution times. We also propose Wav2Small - an architecture designed for minimal parameters and RAM consumption. Wav2Small with an .onnx (quantised) of only 120KB is a potential solution for A/D/V on hardware with low resources, having only 72K parameters vs 3.12M parameters for MobileNet-V4-Small.